Hidden hunger - a narrative review.

OBJECTIVE: Malnutrition is characterized by situations of undernutrition and obesity resulting from the lack of micronutrients with the greatest impact on children. The objective of this review was to highlight inadequate food consumption, food security, and nutritional inadequacy leading to hidden hunger and the prevention and treatment of the main micronutrient deficiencies in Brazil. DATA SOURCE: Literature review carried out through a bibliographic survey in PubMed (National Library of Medicine, United States), Lilacs (Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences), and SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) databases. The search used the terms Occult hunger, (hidden hunger), and Child, in articles published between 2013 and 2023 in Portuguese, English and Spanish. The search was performed on 06/25/2023. DATA SYNTHESIS: The lack of micronutrients can occur insidiously and without clinical manifestations, being called hidden hunger. The prevention of nutritional deficiencies is part of the recommended actions in childcare, with healthy eating. Studies were cited related to macro and micronutrient intake deficiencies, both national and international, and strategies to improve micronutrient intake, including routine supplementation of iron, and vitamins D and A. The diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the main deficiencies in Brazil (iron, vitamin A, vitamin D, zinc), currently adopted, concluded the topic. CONCLUSION: Zero hunger and zero obesity must be part of the same policy, together with a nutritional education program.

What causes obesity in children and adolescents?

OBJECTIVE: To present the different aspects that may be involved in the genesis and maintenance of obesity in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCE: Narrative review of articles published in the PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, using the search terms: overweight, obesity, pre-conception, prenatal, infants, schoolchildren, children, and adolescents. The search was conducted in studies written in Portuguese, English and Spanish, including narrative, integrative or systematic reviews, meta-analyses, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies, published between 2003 and 2023. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 598 studies were initially screened and 60 of them, which showed the main biopsychosocial aspects related to greater risks of excessive adiposity in the pediatric age, were included in the review. The data were presented taking into account the incidence of risk factors and their consequences in six periods: pre-conception, pre-natal, infant, preschool, school age, and adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: The causal factors described in the scientific literature that have been shown to be related to obesity in childhood and adolescence are presented.

Association of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections with low production of oxygen intermediates in children

Abstract Objectives: Upper respiratory tract infections in children generally have significant morbidity and mortality. There is little data available about functional immaturity of the immune system and the child's susceptibility to infections at the beginning of their lives, thus, justifying a more specific immunological analysis. Method: Analysis of hemograms and innate and adaptive immune responses in 95 children between age 1 to 6 years with episodes of recurrent respiratory infections (test group n = 39) and without these episodes (control group n = 56) was carried out. The production of reactive oxygen intermediates by peripheral blood cells stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate was analyzed. Additionally, the number of B lymphocytes, auxiliary T lymphocytes, and cytotoxic cells was determined using flow cytometry. Results: Results from both groups did not show statistically significant differences in red blood cells, total leukocytes count, and the differential neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes count. The analysis of the number of B lymphocytes, auxiliary T lymphocytes (LTCD4), and cytotoxic cells (LTCD8) also did not show any difference between both groups. However, the production of radical oxygen intermediates was significantly reduced in the test group as compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: There was no difference in the analysis of hemograms, leukograms, or the number of lymphocytes, LTCD4, LTCD8, or LTCD19. The reduced production of oxygen intermediates in the affected group suggests that these children's microbicide capacity is compromised, which may be related to their recurrent respiratory infections.

Association of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections with low production of oxygen intermediates in children.

OBJECTIVES: Upper respiratory tract infections in children generally have significant morbidity and mortality. There is little data available about functional immaturity of the immune system and the child's susceptibility to infections at the beginning of their lives, thus, justifying a more specific immunological analysis. METHOD: Analysis of hemograms and innate and adaptive immune responses in 95 children between age 1 to 6 years with episodes of recurrent respiratory infections (test group n = 39) and without these episodes (control group n = 56) was carried out. The production of reactive oxygen intermediates by peripheral blood cells stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate was analyzed. Additionally, the number of B lymphocytes, auxiliary T lymphocytes, and cytotoxic cells was determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS: Results from both groups did not show statistically significant differences in red blood cells, total leukocytes count, and the differential neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes count. The analysis of the number of B lymphocytes, auxiliary T lymphocytes (LTCD4), and cytotoxic cells (LTCD8) also did not show any difference between both groups. However, the production of radical oxygen intermediates was significantly reduced in the test group as compared to the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in the analysis of hemograms, leukograms, or the number of lymphocytes, LTCD4, LTCD8, or LTCD19. The reduced production of oxygen intermediates in the affected group suggests that these children's microbicide capacity is compromised, which may be related to their recurrent respiratory infections.

Gut Microbiota of Young Children Living in Four Brazilian Cities.

Recent studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota development is influenced by human biogeographic factors such as race, ethnicity, diet, lifestyle or culture-specific variations, and other environmental influences. However, biogeographic variation in gut microbiota assembly remains largely unexplored in Latin America. In this paper, we compared food recall information and microbiota composition of toddlers living in geographically separated urban populations within four states of Brazil. 16S RNA gene sequencing revealed that alpha diversity was similar between the four different populations. Gut microbiota compositions were dominated by members of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, resembling a more adult-like microbiota as compared with those of Western European toddlers of similar age. These findings suggest that inter-individual and nutrition-induced differences were apparent in the fecal microbiota. We conclude that urban dietary pattern plays a larger role in influencing the gut microbiota composition than do biogeographic factors.

Consenso Brasileiro sobre Alergia Alimentar: 2018 - Parte 1 - Etiopatogenia, clínica e diagnóstico. Documento conjunto elaborado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria e Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia / Brazilian Consensus on Food Allergy: 2018 - Part 1 - Etiopathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis. Joint position paper of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics and the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology

A alergia alimentar é definida como uma doença consequente a uma resposta imunológica anômala, que ocorre após a ingestão e/ou contato com determinado(s) alimento(s). Atualmente é considerada um problema de saúde pública, pois a sua prevalência tem aumentado no mundo todo. É um capítulo à parte entre as reações adversas a alimentos, e de acordo com os mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos, essas reações podem ser imunológicas ou não-imunológicas. Em geral, a alergia alimentar inicia precocemente na vida com manifestações clínicas variadas na dependência do mecanismo imunológico envolvido. A anafilaxia é a forma mais grave de alergia alimentar mediada por IgE. Conhecimentos recentes permitiram a melhor caracterização da Síndrome da enterocolite induzida por proteína alimentar (FPIES), assim como da esofagite eosinofílica. Vários fatores de risco, assim como novos alérgenos alimentares, têm sido identificados nos últimos anos. Tomando-se como ponto de partida o "Consenso Brasileiro sobre Alergia Alimentar: 2007" foi realizada revisão e atualização dos conceitos apresentados por grupo de alergologistas, gastroenterologistas, nutrólogos e pediatras especializados no tratamento de pacientes com alergia alimentar. Novos conceitos foram apresentados sobretudo pela melhor caracterização. O objetivo desta revisão foi elaborar um documento prático capaz de auxiliar na compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na alergia alimentar, assim como dos possíveis fatores de risco associados à sua apresentação, bem como sobre a sua apresentação clínica.

Food allergy is defined as a disease resulting from an anomalous immune response that occurs after ingestion of and/or contact with certain foods. It is currently considered a public health problem because of its increased prevalence worldwide. Food allergy is a major entity among adverse reactions to foods; depending on the pathophysiological mechanisms involved, these reactions may be immunological or non-immunological. In general, food allergy starts early in life with varied clinical manifestations depending on the immune mechanism involved. Anaphylaxis is the most severe form of IgE-mediated food allergy. Recent knowledge has allowed to better characterize food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), as well as eosinophilic esophagitis. Several risk factors as well as new food allergens have been identified in recent years. Taking the 2007 Brazilian Consensus on Food Allergy as a starting point, the concepts presented were reviewed and updated by a group of allergologists, gastroenterologists, nutrologists and pediatricians specialized in the treatment of patients with food allergy. The objective of this review was to develop a hands-on document capable of helping improve the understanding of the mechanisms involved in food allergy, possible associated risk factors, as well as clinical presentation.

Consenso Brasileiro sobre Alergia Alimentar: 2018 - Parte 2 - Diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção. Documento conjunto elaborado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria e Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia / Brazilian Consensus on Food Allergy: 2018 - Part 2 - Diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Joint position paper of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics and the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology

Na última década o conhecimento sobre a etiopatogenia da alergia alimentar (AA) avançou muito. A identificação de novas formas clínicas de apresentação, aliada à aquisição de novos métodos laboratoriais, possibilitaram a realização do diagnóstico etiológico de modo mais preciso, sobretudo quanto à reatividade cruzada entre alimentos e mesmo na identificação de marcadores indicativos de formas clínicas transitórias, persistentes e quadros mais graves. A padronização dos testes de provocação oral permitiu a sua realização de forma mais segura e possibilitou a sua inclusão entre as ferramentas disponíveis para uso na confirmação etiológica da AA. Apesar disso, a exclusão do alimento responsável pelas manifestações clínicas continua sendo a principal conduta terapêutica a ser empregada. Entre os pacientes alérgicos às proteínas do leite de vaca, a disponibilidade de fórmulas especiais, por exemplo parcialmente hidrolisadas, extensamente hidrolisadas à base da proteína do leite de vaca e fórmulas de aminoácidos, tem facilitado o tratamento substitutivo do leite de vaca para esses pacientes. A abordagem atual da anafilaxia é revisada, uma vez que os alimentos são os principais agentes etiológicos em crianças. Avanços na conduta de algumas manifestações gastrintestinais também são abordados. Na atualidade, a imunoterapia oral tem sido cada vez mais utilizada. A aquisição de novos agentes, os imunobiológicos, também são apresentados à luz das evidências científicas e clínicas atuais. Considerações sobre história natural da AA, assim como sobre formas de prevenção da AA também são abordadas. Em conclusão, o Consenso Brasileiro sobre Alergia Alimentar de 2018 objetivou rever os métodos diagnósticos e esquemas de tratamento disponíveis e empregados no acompanhamento de pacientes com AA, visando a melhor abordagem terapêutica desses pacientes.

Over the last decade, knowledge about the etiopathogenesis of food allergy (FA) has advanced a great deal. The identification of new clinical presentations, associated with the acquisition of new laboratory methods, have made the diagnostic process more accurate, especially with regard to cross-reactivity between foods and the identification of biomarkers suggestive of transitory, persistent clinical forms and/or more severe manifestations. The standardization of oral provocation tests has made their performance safer and has allowed their inclusion among the tools available for use in the etiological confirmation of FA. Despite this, exclusion of the food involved in the clinical manifestations remains as the main therapeutic strategy. Among patients allergic to cow's milk proteins, the availability of special formulas, e.g., partially hydrolyzed and extensively hydrolyzed cow's milk protein-based formulas, in addition to amino acid formulas, has facilitated the introduction of substitute formulas for these patients. The current approach to anaphylaxis is reviewed, since food is the major etiological agent in children. Advances in the management of some gastrointestinal manifestations are also addressed. Currently, oral immunotherapy has been increasingly used. The acquisition of new agents, namely, immunobiological agents, is also described in light of current scientific and clinical evidence. Considerations on the natural history of FA, as well as on ways how to prevent FA, are addressed. In conclusion, the 2018 Brazilian Consensus on Food Allergy aimed to review the diagnostic methods and treatment schemes available and used in the follow-up of patients with FA, with a view to adopting the best possible therapeutic approach to these patients.

Vitamina D em crianças e adolescentes com doença falciforme: uma revisão integrativa / Vitamin D in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: an integrative review

Objetivo:Revisar a literatura sobre a frequência da deficiência de vitamina D e suas consequências em crianças e adolescentes com anemia falciforme.Fontes de dados:O levantamento bibliográfico foi feito nas bases bibliográficas Medline, U.S. National Library of Medicine e National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) e Cochrane. Os descritores foram selecionados com o uso do Medical Heading Terms (MeSH): “Vitamin D” OU “Vitamin D deficiency” E “anemia, sickle cell” E “child” E “adolescent”. A busca limitou-se aos artigos em inglês, espanhol e português, com data de publicação até abril de 2014.Síntese dos dados:Foram selecionados 11 estudos, entre os 18 encontrados. A pesquisa revelou que os níveis séricos de vitamina D em crianças e/ou adolescentes com anemia falciforme encontram-se baixos em seis de 11 artigos analisados. Essa frequência de deficiência de vitamina D em pacientes com anemia falciforme excede a do grupo de comparação saudável. A baixa ingesta de vitamina D, a sazonalidade, a exposição solar, o metabolismo aumentado próprio da hemoglobinopatia e o aumento da idade são fatores associados à deficiência. Houve associação entre deficiência significativa de vitamina D e fraqueza óssea e crises dolorosas. Há correlação positiva entre aumento dos níveis de vitamina D por meio da suplementação e a capacidade funcional física.Conclusões:A deficiência de vitamina D em crianças e adolescentes com doença falciforme é prevalente e necessita de mais estudos para evidenciar a sua relação com comorbidades e possíveis benefícios da suplementação da vitamina D.

Objective:To review the literature about the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its consequences in children and adolescents with sickle-cell disease.Data sources:The literature survey was performed through the bibliographic databases MEDLINE; U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health (PubMed); Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), and the Cochrane Library. The keywords were selected using Medical Heading Terms (MeSH): “vitamin D” OR “vitamin D deficiency” AND “anemia, sickle cell” AND “child” AND “adolescent”. The search was limited to articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese, published until April 2014.Data synthesis:Eleven articles were selected among the 18 found. In 6 of the 11 studies, serum levels of vitamin D in children and/or adolescents with sickle-cell anemia were low. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with sickle-cell anemia exceeded that of the comparison group. The low intake of vitamin D, seasonality, exposure to sun, increased metabolism associated with the hemoglobinopathy, and age increase were factors associated with the deficiency. There was an association between a significant vitamin D deficiency and bone weakness and painful crises. There was a positive correlation between increased levels of vitamin D by supplementation and functional, physical capacity.Conclusions:The vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents with sickle-cell disease is prevalent and requires further studies to demonstrate its association with comorbidities and possible benefits of vitamin D supplementation.

[Vitamin D in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: an integrative review]. / Vitamina D em crianças e adolescentes com doença falciforme: uma revisão integrativa.

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature about the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its consequences in children and adolescents with sickle-cell disease. DATA SOURCES: The literature survey was performed through the bibliographic databases Medline; U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health (PubMed); Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), and the Cochrane Library. The keywords were selected using Medical Heading Terms (MeSH): "Vitamin D" OR "Vitamin D deficiency" AND "Anemia, Sickle Cell" AND "Child" AND "Adolescent". The search was limited to articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese, published until April 2014. DATA SYNTHESIS: Eleven articles were selected among the 18 found. In 6 of the 11 studies, serum levels of vitamin D in children and/or adolescents with sickle-cell anemia were low. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with sickle-cell anemia exceeded that of the comparison group. The low intake of vitamin D, seasonality, exposure to sun, increased metabolism associated with the hemoglobinopathy, and age increase were factors associated with the deficiency. There was an association between a significant vitamin D deficiency and bone weakness and painful crises. There was a positive correlation between increased levels of vitamin D by supplementation and functional, physical capacity. CONCLUSIONS: The vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents with sickle-cell disease is prevalent and requires further studies to demonstrate its association with comorbidities and possible benefits of vitamin D supplementation.

Alterações antropométricas, bioquímicas e de variáveis da síndrome metabólica entre crianças e adolescentes obesos com e sem doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica / Anthropometric, biochemical and variables changes of the metabolic syndrome among obese children and adolescents with and without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Introdução: a doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) trata-se de uma comorbidade associada à obesidade frequente na faixa etária pediátrica, cujo impacto sobre o estado nutricional tem sido investigado. Objetivo: verificar se crianças e adolescentes obesos com DHGNA apresentam mais alterações antropométricas, bioquímicas e de exames que compõem o diagnóstico de síndrome metabólica (SM), em relação a obesos sem DHGNA. Métodos: estudo transversal desenvolvido em ambulatório de Pediatria. Os grupos com e sem DHGNA foram comparados quanto a variáveis antropométricas, bioquímicas e componentes da SM. Também foi verificado se SM ou alterações nos exames que são critério diagnóstico para SM estariam associados à DHGNA. Resultados: 59 indivíduos obesos foram avaliados, sendo 25,4% com DHGNA.Os grupos apresentaram entre si alterações significativas de peso, IMC, colesterol total, vitamina D, ácido fólico, ácido úrico, proteína C reativa, GGT, bilirrubina total e fosfatase alcalina (p<0,05). Na análise isolada dos exames que compõem o diagnóstico de SM, os valores elevados de circunferência abdominal e glicemia de jejum foram significativos entre os grupos (p<0,05). Entre os indivíduos com diagnóstico de SM, 44% possuíam DHGNA. Alterações de circunferência abdominal, triglicérides, glicemia de jejum, HDL colesterol e hipertensão arterial não estiveram associadas à DHGNA. Conclusão: crianças e adolescentes obesos com DHGNA têm mais alterações antropométricas, bioquímicas e de exames que compõem o diagnóstico de SM, em relação a obesos sem a doença. Porém, a SM ou alteração isolada de qualquer exame não demonstrouassociação significativa com o risco de desenvolver DHGNA

Introduction: the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (DHGNA) is a comorbidity associated with common obesity in the pediatric age group, whose impact on the nutritional status has been investigated. Objective: to verify that obese children and adolescents with DHGNA have more anthropometric, biochemical, and related to tests alterations that determine the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (SM) compared to those obese without DHGNA. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study conducted in the pediatric outpatient service. The groups with and without DHGNA were compared regarding anthropometric, biochemical, and metabolic syndrome components of SM. SM or test alterations that are diagnostic criteria for SM were evaluated for association with DHGNA. Results: 59 obesesubjects were evaluated; 25.4% presented DHGNA. The groups presented significant differences in alterations in weight, BMI, total cholesterol, vitamin D, folic acid, uric acid, C-reactive protein, GGT, total bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase (p <0.05). The high values of waist circumference and fasting glucose were significant between groups (p <0.05) in the isolatedanalysis of tests that make up the diagnosis of SM. Among individuals diagnosed with SM, 44% presented DHGNA. Alterations in abdominal circumference, triglycerides, fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, and high blood pressure were not associated with DHGNA. Conclusion:obese children and adolescents with DHGNA presentedmore anthropometric, biochemical, and tests that makethe diagnosis of SM alterations compared to those obesewithout the disease. However, SM or the isolated alterationof any examination showed no significant associationwith the risk of developing DHGNA.

Qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV / Quality of life of children and adolescents infected with HIV

Estima-se que cerca de 84% dos casos de Aids em indivíduos com até 13 anos de idade no Brasil ocorram devido à transmissão vertical. O impacto do HIV/Aids na vida dessas crianças pode afetar negativamente a qualidade de vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV por transmissão vertical, segundo a visão da criança e a do cuidador. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, tipo inquérito transversal, analítico, desenvolvido na Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, com crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo vírus HIV. Participaram 24 crianças e adolescentes e seus responsáveis. A qualidade de vida foi mais afetada em relação ao domínio emocional, na percepção da criança ou do adolescente (61,88 pontos). Os cuidadores observaram maior impacto em relação ao domínio escolar (60,83 pontos). A evidência de menores escores nos domínios emocional e escolar, na visão dos participantes, indica uma influência negativa para a qualidade de vida dos participantes da pesquisa.(AU)

Estimates indicate that about 84% of Aids cases in individuals up to age 13 in Brazil occur due to vertical transmission. The HIV/Aids impact at these children can affect quality of life negatively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of life in children and adolescents infected with HIV by vertical transmission; according to the vision of the wearer and caregiver. Observational study, transversal investigation, analytical, developed at Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), with children and adolescents infected with HIV. 24 children and adolescents and their caregivers participated. The emotional domain of quality of life was the most affected in the child or adolescent perception (61.88 points). The caregivers reported a greater impact in relation to educational domain (60.83 points). The lower scores evidence in the patients and caregivers opinion indicates a negative influence on the research participants quality of life.(AU)

Se estima que alrededor del 84% de los casos de SIDA en personas menores de 13 años de edad en Brasil se producen debido a la transmisión vertical. El impacto del VIH / SIDA en las vidas de estos niños puede afectar negativamente la calidad de vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad de vida de los niños y adolescentes infectados con el VIH por transmisión vertical; de acuerdo con la visión del niño y el cuidador. Se trata de una investigación observacional, transversal, analítico, desarrollado en la Universidad Federal de Triangulo Mineiro, con niños y adolescentes infectados por el VIH. Un total de 24 niños, niñas y adolescentes y sus padres. La calidad de vida fue la zona más afectada en relación con la percepción emocional del niño o adolescente (61,88 puntos). Los cuidadores comunicaron un mayor impacto para la escuela de campo (60,83 puntos). La evidencia de las puntuaciones más bajas para emocional y académico en vista de los participantes, indicando una influencia negativa en la calidad de vida de los participantes en la investigación.(AU)

Nutriplanet: Nutrição no primeiro ano de vida

A autora enfatiza a importância da alimentação adequada da criança no primeiro ano de vida, com base nos achados do Nutriplanet, projeto científico, que investigou por meio de levantamento bibliográfico (Medline, Lilacs, Scielo, PubMed e publicações e posicionamentos em sites governamentais e de sociedades científicas brasileiras), a situação de saúde, alimentação e nutrição dos seguintes segmentos da população: gestantes, lactantes, lactentes e crianças de até três anos.

Nutriplanet Nutrição do primeiro ao terceiro ano de vida

A autora apresenta os principais achados do Nutriplanet, no que refere ao estado nutricional e o consumo alimentar de crianças até três anos, destacando as principais carências nutricionais (vitamina A, ferro e zinco) e o impacto do excesso de peso na incidência de doenças crônicas.

Protótipo de copo para administrar líquidos a recém-nascidos / Prototype of a glass to administer liquid to newborns

O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever a avaliação dos profissionais de saúde sobre um protótipo de copo para administrar líquidos a recém-nascidos. Trata-se de estudo descritivo-exploratório, realizado na maternidade de um hospital universitário, em Uberaba, MG, Brasil. Questionários semiestruturados foram aplicados a 75 profissionais de saúde, após administrarem leite com o copo aos recém-nascidos, nos meses de julho e agosto de 2011. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados descritivamente e os qualitativos submetidos à análise de conteúdo, emergindo três categorias: aspectos positivos, com 269 unidades de registro; aspectos negativos, com 11 unidades e sugestões para melhoria do copo, com seis. A análise estatística evidenciou que conceitos ‘bom’ e ‘ótimo’, relacionados ao protótipo de copo, apresentaram índices acima de 90%. A percepção dos participantes demonstrou uma avaliação positiva acerca do protótipo de copo, que demonstrou ser um utensílio prático, de design e material seguros para a realização da ‘técnica do copinho’.

Alimentação na infância: carências e excessos / Feeding in childhood: shortages and excesses

Atualização dos requisitos e características da alimentação na infância, da neonatologia ao adolescente, com apresentação das condutas preconizadas pelos mais importantes órgãos de pesquisa e orientação nutricional, no Brasil e no exterior.

Antioxidant vitamins in the context of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents / Vitaminas antioxidantes en el contexto de la enfermedad hepatica grasosa no alcoholica en ninos y adolescentes obesos / Vitaminas antioxidantes no contexto da doenca hepatica gordurosa nao alcoolica em criancas e adolescentes obesos

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on the importance of antioxidant vitamins, analyzed in the context of dietary intake, its plasma levels, and its current use as a supplementation treatment in obese children and adolescents with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. DATA SOURCES: The articles were identified in Lilacs, Ibecs, SciELO, PubMed/Medline, and Scopus databases. To conduct the survey, the "fatty liver" descriptor was associated to the following words: "children", "antioxidants" and "vitamins". The search was limited to articles written in Portuguese, Spanish and English, with publication date until December, 2012. DATA SYNTHESIS: Six studies were selected. The survey revealed a low dietary intake and low antioxidant vitamins serum levels in this population. The changes in lifestyle, with adequate dietary intake of vitamins, and the increase in physical activity were associated with a significant improvement in liver histology and in laboratory tests. Vitamin supplementation also improved the disease progression markers, as the alanine aminotransferase serum levels and the histological characteristics of lobular inflammation and hepatocellular damage. However, these improvements were not statistically significant in all studies. CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to recommend or to refute antioxidant supplementation in patients with simple steatosis or steatohepatitis. The changes in lifestyle seem to be, at the present time, the more advisable therapy. .

OBJETIVO: Revisar la literatura sobre la importancia de las vitaminas antioxidantes, analizadas bajo el contexto del consumo dietético, sus respectivos niveles plasmáticos y su actual utilización como tratamiento de suplementación en niños y adolescentes obesos con enfermedad hepática grasosa no alcohólica. FUENTES DE DATOS: Se identificaron los artículos en las bases de datos Lilacs, Ibecs, SciELO, PubMed/MedLine y Scopus. Para realizar la investigación, se utilizó el descriptor "hígado grasoso", asociado a los términos "niño", "antioxidantes" y "vitaminas". La búsqueda se limitó a los artículos en portugués, español e inglés, con fecha límite de publicación hasta diciembre de 2012. SÍNTESIS DE LOS DATOS: Se seleccionaron seis estudios. La investigación reveló baja ingestión dietética y bajos niveles de concentración sérica de vitaminas antioxidantes en la población estudiada. El cambio en los hábitos de vida, con adecuación del consumo dietético de vitaminas y aumento de la actividad física, se asoció a la mejora significativa en la histología hepática y en los exámenes laboratoriales. La suplementación vitamínica también mejoró los marcadores de progresión de la enfermedad, como los niveles séricos de alanina aminotransferasa y las características histológicas de inflamación lobular y lesión hepatocelular. Sin embargo, esas mejorías no fueron estadísticamente significativas en todos los estudios. CONCLUSIONES: No hay evidencias suficientes para recomendar o rechazar la suplementación con antioxidantes en pacientes con esteatosis simple o esteato-hepatitis. El cambio en el estilo de vida parece ser, en el momento, la terapéutica más aconsejable. .

OBJETIVO: Revisar a literatura sobre a importância das vitaminas antioxidantes, analisadas sob o contexto do consumo dietético, seus respectivos níveis plasmáticos e sua atual utilização como tratamento de suplementação em crianças e adolescentes obesos com doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica. FONTES DE DADOS: Identificaram-se os artigos nas bases de dados Lilacs, Ibecs, SciELO, PubMed/MedLine e Scopus. Para realizar a pesquisa, utilizou-se o descritor "fígado gorduroso", associado aos termos "crianças", "antioxidantes" e "vitaminas". A busca limitou-se aos artigos em português, espanhol e inglês, com data limite de publicação até dezembro de 2012. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Selecionaram-se seis estudos. A pesquisa revelou baixa ingestão dietética e baixos níveis de concentração sérica de vitaminas antioxidantes na população estudada. A mudança nos hábitos de vida, com adequação do consumo dietético de vitaminas e aumento da atividade física, associou-se à melhora significativa na histologia hepática e nos exames laboratoriais. A suplementação vitamínica também melhorou os marcadores de progressão da doença, como os níveis séricos de alanina aminotransferase e as características histológicas de inflamação lobular e lesão hepatocelular. Contudo, essas melhorias não foram estatisticamente significativas em todos os estudos. CONCLUSÕES: Não há evidências suficientes para recomendar ou refutar a suplementação com antioxidantes em pacientes com esteatose simples ou esteato-hepatite. A mudança no estilo de vida parece ser, no momento, a terapêutica mais aconselhável. .

Importância da nutrição adequada na primeira infância / The importance of an adequate nutrition in early infancy

A autora revê os princípios básicos da nutrição na primeira infância, destacando a importância da amamentação ao seio materno, complementação progressiva com outros alimentos, aporte de água e outras orientações visando tornar a nutrição mais adequada nessa faixa etária...

Antioxidant vitamins in the context of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on the importance of antioxidant vitamins, analyzed in the context of dietary intake, its plasma levels, and its current use as a supplementation treatment in obese children and adolescents with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. DATA SOURCES: The articles were identified in Lilacs, Ibecs, SciELO, PubMed/Medline, and Scopus databases. To conduct the survey, the "fatty liver" descriptor was associated to the following words: "children", "antioxidants" and "vitamins". The search was limited to articles written in Portuguese, Spanish and English, with publication date until December, 2012. DATA SYNTHESIS: Six studies were selected. The survey revealed a low dietary intake and low antioxidant vitamins serum levels in this population. The changes in lifestyle, with adequate dietary intake of vitamins, and the increase in physical activity were associated with a significant improvement in liver histology and in laboratory tests. Vitamin supplementation also improved the disease progression markers, as the alanine aminotransferase serum levels and the histological characteristics of lobular inflammation and hepatocellular damage. However, these improvements were not statistically significant in all studies. CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to recommend or to refute antioxidant supplementation in patients with simple steatosis or steatohepatitis. The changes in lifestyle seem to be, at the present time, the more advisable therapy.

Análise da vitamina C sérica e ingerida e estresse oxidativo em crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana / Analysis of serum and supplemented vitamin C and oxidative stress in HIV-infected children and adolescents

OBJETIVOS: Verificar adequação do consumo de vitamina C em crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), avaliar níveis séricos da vitamina e indicadores de estresse oxidativo, comparar ao grupo não infectado, correlacionar a vitamina sérica ao estresse oxidativo e associá-los segundo os valores de referência. MÉTODOS: Estudo seccional transversal comparativo. Dois grupos com 27 crianças e adolescentes cada, de 3 a 19 anos, sendo G1 infectados pelo HIV por transmissão vertical atendidos em ambulatório regional e G2 indivíduos convidados sem histórico de infecção pelo HIV. Foram pareados por sexo, idade e condição socioeconômica. Avaliou-se: antropometria (índice de massa corporal para idade), ingestão e consumo do micronutriente, análise sérica da vitamina C, proteína C reativa e albumina. RESULTADOS: Idade média encontrada de 12 anos, prevalência do sexo feminino (17 - 63%) e da classe econômica C (27 - 50%). Diagnóstico nutricional prevalente foi eutrofia em 20 (74,1%) em G1 e 21 (77,8%) em G2. O consumo de vitamina C foi significativamente maior em G1 (p = 0,006; t = 2,987) pelo método recordatório 24 horas. Houve diferença significativa da dosagem sérica de vitamina C, sendo menor em G1 (p = 0,000; t = -7,309). Em relação ao estresse oxidativo, os valores da proteína C reativa em G1 foram significativamente maiores (p = 0,007; t = 2,958). Não houve relação entre deficiência da vitamina, proteína C reativa e albumina. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados encontrados mostram que indivíduos infectados pelo HIV apresentam baixos valores da vitamina C, não relacionados à alimentação, uma vez que o consumo desse micronutriente foi superior ao grupo comparativo, que não apresentou essa depleção. Existem peculiaridades nos indivíduos infectados que aumentam o estresse oxidativo, evidenciado pelo aumento da proteína C reativa.

OBJECTIVES: To assess adequacy of vitamin C intake in HIV-infected children and adolescents; to evaluate serum levels of vitamin C and indicators of oxidative stress; to compare with the uninfected group; to correlate serum vitamin C with oxidative stress and associate them according to the reference values. METHODS: Comparative cross-sectional study. Two groups of 27 children and adolescents each, aged between 3 to 19 years. Group 1 (G1) comprised individuals vertically infected with HIV seen at a regional outpatient clinic. Group 2 (G2) comprised invited individuals without history of HIV infection. The groups were matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. The following variables were analyzed: body mass index for age; micronutrient intake and consumption; and serum vitamin C, C-reactive protein (CRP), and albumin. RESULTS: The mean age was 12 years old. Most subjects were female (17, 63%), and there was prevalence of the economic class C (27, 50%). The most prevalent nutritional status was normal weight in 20 individuals (74.1%) in G1 and 21 (77.8%) in G2. The intake of vitamin C was significantly higher in G1 (p = 0.006; t = 2.987) according to the 24-hour dietary recall method. There were significant differences in serum vitamin C concentration between the groups, with a lower level in G1 (p = 0.000; t = -7.309). In relation to oxidative stress, values of CRP in G1 were significantly higher (p = 0.007; t = 2.958). There was no association between deficiency of vitamin, CRP, and albumin. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that HIV-infected individuals have low levels of vitamin C; however, this deficiency is not related to eating habits, since the intake of this nutrient was higher in this group than in the control group. HIV-infected individuals have specific characteristics that increase their oxidative stress, which is evidenced by increased CRP.